Thursday, October 13, 2011

What is Scope Creep?



Portny, S. et al, (2008), define project the scope as a "description of the deliverables or what work will be performed" by the project (p. 30). On the other hand, scope creep is defined as the "natural tendency of the client, as well as project team members, to try to improve to project's output as the project progresses" (Portny, S. et al, 2008,p.346). As scope creep is inevitable, it behooves project managers to reserve project time and money for such contingencies (Laureate Education Inc.).

An Example of  Scope Creep

I would like to share an experience I had, some years ago, while working with a project. The goals of this project were to strengthen and increase the capacity for information and computer technologies (ICT) at the tertiary education level, and in the community in my twin island federation. The project sponsor, an international agency, had committed funds to the tune of one million pounds sterling to the project and its goals.
A major goal of the project was to install computers in the community centers and also in the computer laboratories of select tertiary instructions. A preliminary inspection of the physical infrastructure of these buildings had revealed the following:
  • The community centers were newly constructed and consequently required minimal modifications before the installation of computers.
  • The computer laboratories of the tertiary institutions required an overhaul of their electrical and security systems before installation was possible.
The activities required to refurbish these buildings were added to the project scope, and formed the basis for project scheduling, costing and resource allocation.
Midway in the project, somebody suggested that as there were no community centers in some villages, perhaps we could consider the secondary schools in these areas as community centers. The idea was laudable, and the team recognized it as an attempt to improve the project output by distributing the deliverables more equitably. This seemingly innocuous suggestion was a harbinger of scope creep of an immense magnitude. The project scope spiraled out of control. The secondary schools mentioned were in a state of disrepair. Moreover, some of these schools, because of their location, had a high incidence of break-in and robberies. The project scope spiraled out of control.
We now had to factor the new activities, associated with the repair, refurbishment, and the installation of security systems in these schools, into the project scope, schedule, and resource allocation plan. The repairs to the buildings alone incurred significant cost both in terms of resources and money. In fact, this experience confirms that "scope creep is indeed a major cause of cost and project over-run" (Lynch, M., & Roecker, J., 2007, p. 96).  

The Project Manager's Scope Control Strategies

The project manager accepted the suggested change to the project scope. To be honest, given the prevailing organizational culture, and the villages in question, it was in his best interest to acquiesce. However, this decision was not in the best interest of the project. He then sought approval, from the sponsors, for the changes . They granted approval; but did not entertain any changes in the established baseline schedule of the project. Of course, from that point onwards, the project became unwieldy and lagged behind schedule.

My Perspective

From my vantage point, and having been exposed to the tools of project management, I would have done things differently. Portny, et al (2008) posit that changes should be anticipated at the beginning of a project, and that "the best practice for dealing with this kind of change is to include a formal change control procedure in the contract" (p. 140). This would have entailed the establishment of a scope change control process during the planning phase of the project. Beyond this, even before contemplating to accept the change, I would have broken down the new activities and formulate a work break down structure, estimate the duration of each task and the additional resources required to complete the work. Then I would have assessed the impact of the changes on the project product, schedule and resources. This analyses would indicate whether the change will have a high, medium or low impact on the project variables. This information would be documented in a "Change Management Plan Document" which will be "communicated to project team members and stakeholders, and will also require the signatures of the sponsors, and key project stakeholders (Cox, D., 2009, pp. 175-177; Lynch, M., et al, 2007, p. 96).). Ultimately I believe that I would have adopted Dr. Budrovich's position, and insisted very cordially that the team "will maintain what we set out to do", we will limit the scope to what we had planned originally and that these new ideas will form the basis of a subsequent project (Laureate Education Inc.).

References:

Cox, D., (2009). Project management for instructional designers, a practical guide. IN: iUniverse
Laureate Education, Inc. Walden University. (2011) "Practitioner Voices: Overcoming 'Scope Creep'" [Video Webcast]. Retrieved from:
Lozier, T., (2008). Avoid scope creep. Retrieved from:
http://blog.etq.com/Home-0/bid/41605/Avoid-Scope-Creep-in-Enterprise-Software-Implementation
Lynch, M. M., & Roecker, J. (2007). Project managing e-learning: A handbook for successful design, delivery, and management. London: Routledge
Portny, S. E., Mantel, S. J., Meredith, J. R., Shafer, S. M., Sutton, M. M., & Kramer, B. E. (2008). Project management: Planning, scheduling, and controlling projects. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4 comments:

  1. Not all projects are fortunate enough to have an experienced PM on its team and not all PM’s are knowledgeable in the area of instructional design. With scope creep being major cause of increased cost and scheduling delays (Lynch & Roecker, 2007) an experienced PM will have the knowledge and skills to keep the project’s activities focused and on target. Project teams sometimes drift away from their original duties as in your example. Implementing the Change Management Plan is a good decision to employ to mitigate the risks the project change can bring. Be careful though as you take stand with your position. Make sure that as you are standing firm in your position to carry out the original objectives of the project, that you are not ruling with an iron fist are maintaining openness to request for change (Lynch & Roecher, 2007).



    Lynch, M. M., & Roecker, J. (2007). Project managing e-learning: A handbook for successful design, delivery, and management. London: Routledge.

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  2. I think in a perfect world being able to stick to what you started with would be a great idea, and in a lot of cases it is the best move for the project. But I am sure there are times when a PM has to take into consideration the client and other powers that be when making the decisions for the team.
    it appears that in your example your PM didn't really "analyze the impact of change" (Greer, 2010). Scope creep is inevitable in so many projects, but it is all about the way we handle the new requests and the actions that follow.

    Portny, S. E., Mantel, S. J., Meredith, J. R., Shafer, S. M., Sutton, M. M., & Kramer, B. E. (2008). Project management: Planning, scheduling, and controlling projects. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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  3. Scope creep is often the result of the insight gained as the project begins. Seeing how the ocmmuniteis wothout centers could be served was a genuine interest to improve the project, but without an analysis of the impact of the changes, the project would be at risk of doing just the opposite. The added need for refurbishing and security systems at the schools could have placed such a burden on the project that it could have kept the entire project from succeeding.

    An experienced project manager would set up a change control system to evaluate and address the impact of suggested changes on the overall project, evaluate the potential advantages and disadvantages and to make recommendations to those driving the project. Changes should be documented in writing and if made incorporated into all project documents (Portny, 2008).

    Portny, S. E., Mantel, S. J., Meredith, J. R., Shafer, S. M., Sutton, M. M., & Kramer, B. E. (2008). Project management: Planning, scheduling, and controlling projects. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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  4. There needs to be a balance between flexibility and control. If the process is too onerous, either valuable changes will be lost or the participants will ignore the rules - leading to uncontrolled scope and configuration. If the process is too easy, then many changes may be applied with insufficient thought given to their merits and consequences. Great suggestion on having information documented in a "Change Management Plan Document." Changes must be controlled through the "Change Control Process and documented in the planning phase of the project as well as the project management plan.

    Lynch, M. M., & Roecker, J. (2007). Project managing e-learning: A handbook for successful design, delivery, and management.

    http://www.epmbook.com/scope.htm

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